发布日期：2024-10-31 04:20 点击次数：139
民众淡水资源极其有限男人第四色网站，仅占总水量的3.5%傍边，而海水资源丰富，奈何欺诈丰富的海水完了能源轮回欺诈变得尤其首要。海水淡化是惩处饮用水资源枯竭问题的一个首要路线，亦然欺诈海水资源的一种可行范例，然则现在等闲使用的蒸馏法和膜处理法都存在本钱过高的问题。另外，氢能算作新一代清洁能源，电解水制备氢是一种绿色且高效的范例，但是现在简直扫数的体系都使用淡水资源算作电解液，这无疑加重了淡水资源枯竭问题。若是径直电解海水产生氢气，其算作燃料又可产生高纯度淡水，可同期完了海水净化和产氢的双重宗旨。发展氢能经济是我国向可再生零碳能源结构转型，亦然完了“碳达峰、碳中庸”方针的必由之路。
Global freshwater resources are extremely limited, accounting for only about 3.5% of the total water volume, while seawater resources are abundant. Therefore, it has become particularly important to realize energy recycling using abundant seawater. Desalination is an important way to solve the shortage of drinking water resources and a feasible way to utilize seawater resources. However, the distillation method and membrane treatment method which are widely used at present have the problem of high cost. In addition, hydrogen energy is a new kind of clean energy, and the electrolysis of water to prepare hydrogen is a green and efficient method, but almost all current systems use freshwater resources as electrolyte, which undoubtedly aggravates the problem of freshwater resource shortage. If hydrogen used as fuel to produce high purity fresh water is produced directly by electrolysis of seawater, it can achieve the purposes of seawater purification and hydrogen production at the same time. The development of hydrogen economy is the way to transform China to a renewable zero-carbon energy nation and to achieve the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”.
2021年7月，大连理工大学追究化工国度重心执行室王治宇、邱介山西宾与北京化工大学孙晓明西宾互助，在《Nature Communications》发表题为“Energy-saving hydrogen production by chlorine-free hybrid seawater splitting coupling hydrazine degradation”的商论说文，著述的华文译名是《无氯羼杂海水裂解耦合肼降解节能制氢》。该文基于对全电解水反馈的解耦，苛刻了一种粗劣耗、无阳极氯腐蚀的羼杂海水电解制氢新期间。欺诈低氧化电位的肼氧化反馈取代高能垒、反馈能源学拖拉的阳极水氧化半反馈，耦合工业含肼废水处理经过，完了了电解水制氢经过的高效节能降耗，并大幅缩短制氢本钱。
In July 2021, Prof. Wang Zhiyu and Qiu Jieshan from the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of Dalian University of Technology and Prof. Sun Xiaoming from Beijing University of Chemical Technology published a paper entitled “Energy-saving hydrogen production by chlorine-free hybrid seawater splitting coupling" in Nature Communications whose Chinese name is “无氯羼杂海水裂解耦合肼降解节能制氢”. Based on the decoupling of the all-electrolytic water reaction, the paper proposes a new technology of low-energy and anodic chlorine-free hybrid seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production. According to the paper, the energy-efficient and consumption-reducing electrolytic water hydrogen production process is realized and the cost of hydrogen production is significantly reduced by using the hydrazine oxidation reaction with low oxidation potential to replace the anodic water oxidation half-reaction with high energy barriers and hysteresis in reaction kinetics and by coupling the industrial hydrazine-containing wastewater treatment process.
阳极上的氯电氧化反馈（ClOR）过甚与析氧反馈（OER）的竞争是一个高出的问题，该反馈开释出有毒且具有腐蚀性的氯物种（如Cl2、ClO-），激发阳极融解和环境危害，缩短电解收尾和毁伤可捏续性。海水电解难以排斥氯的交叉和腐蚀，且电板电压高（> 1.7-2.4 V），耗电量大（如图1）。迄今为止，发展无氯节能的海水电解期间仍然具有挑战性。
A notorious problem is the chlorine electro-oxidation reactions (ClOR) and their competition with oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the anode. This reaction releases toxic and corrosive chlorine species (e.g., Cl2, ClO–), which induces anode dissolution and environmental hazards to reduce the electrolysis efficiency and sustainability. Nevertheless, it is still hard to eliminate the chlorine crossover and corrosion for long-term seawater electrolysis, and the process suffers high cell voltages (>1.7–2.4 V) and electricity consumption. So far, the development of chlorine-free yet energy-saving seawater electrolysis technology still remains challenging.
图1 男人第四色网站 羼杂海水裂解期间在节能和可捏续制氢方面的暗示图
在本文中，商议东说念主员成立了一种耦合海水规复和热力学故意的肼氧化的灵验战术。狡计了一种NiCo/MXene基电极，该电极具有超疏水、亲水和肼友好的电催化界面（图2）。它不错全面进步界面电导率，踏实性，水/肼吸附才智温文体开释花样，以进步在大电流密度下的电解性能。羼杂海水电解槽可在0.7-1.0 V的超低电压下产生氢气，王人备幸免了在中性或碱性海水中氯对电板性能的危害。同期，在500 mA cm-2条目下踏实电解140 h，产氢速度为9.2 mol h-1gcat-1，法拉第收尾高。联系于商用碱性水电解和起始进的海水电解器，在500 mA cm-2的高电流密度下，制氢基础能耗可缩短30-52%。同期，肼以4.34±0.007 mol h-1gcat-1的快速降解速度快速降解至相配低的肼残留值~3 ppb。通过集成肼燃料电板或太阳能电板，完了了可捏续性更好的自供电羼杂海水电解。
An efficient strategy coupling seawater reduction with thermodynamically favorable hydrazine oxidation is developed to address two extreme challenges of seawater electrolysis: the huge electricity consumption and notorious anode corrosion by chlorine chemistry. A NiCo/MXene-based electrode with superaerophobic-hydrophilic and hydrazine-friendly electrocatalytic interface is designed to fully exploit the potential of this chemistry. It allows for overall enhancement in interfacial conductivity, robustness, water/hydrazine adsorption capability and gas-releasing pattern for boosting electrolysis performance at large current densities. The hybrid seawater electrolyzer enables hydrogen production at ultralow cell voltages of 0.7–1.0 V, which fully avoids the chlorine hazards on cell performance in neutral or alkaline seawater. Meanwhile, the hydrogen can be produced at an intense rate of 9.2 mol h–1 gcat–1 by stable seawater electrolysis for 140 h at 500 mA cm–2 with high Faradaic efficiency. The electricity expense is largely reduced by 30–52% at a high current density of 500 mA cm–2 relative to commercial alkaline water electrolysis and the state-of-the-art seawater electrolyzers. Simultaneously, rapid hydrazine degradation to a rather low residual of ~3 ppb can be achieved at a fast rate of 4.34 ± 0.007 mol h–1 gcat–1. Self-powered hybrid seawater electrolysis is also realized by integrating hydrazine fuel cells or solar cells for hydrogen production with better sustainability.
图2 NiCo@C/MXene/CF催化剂的制备暗示图过甚表征图
在高效制氢的同期，欺诈羼杂海水电解池阳极侧的肼氧化反馈可快速降解水体中的剧毒肼混浊物，幸免了使用芬顿试剂等引入的二次混浊。此类羼杂海水电解池不错陋劣与肼燃料电板或生意化太阳能电板蚁合，构建无需外部供电的自供能海水电解制氢安装，在AM 1.5G、100 mW cm-2太阳光放射下，产氢速度可达6.0 mol h-1gcat-1。这一职责为发展粗劣耗、高经济和生态可捏续性的低碳制氢期间范例提供了新的念念路。使用肼浑水算作阳极液和使用低价的海水算作阴极液进料，可进一步缩短氢本钱。在此基础上，通过在沿海地区欺诈浓烈的太阳照耀和强风，将本钱便宜的海水和工业肼浑水注入可再生能源海水羼杂电解槽（HSE），不错扩大本钱效益和可捏续的制氢领域（图3）。
During the effective hydrogen production, the hydrazine oxidation reaction in the positive side of HSE can quickly dissolve the poisonous hydrazine pollutants in the waters, avoiding the second pollution of Fenton's reagents. Hydrogen production with better sustainability and cost-effectiveness can be realized by connecting the HSE into photovoltaic cells powered by easily harvestable and clean solar energy. Such a solar-driven hydrogen production system could be operated at a current density of ca. 310 mA cm–2 and an average photovoltage of ca. 0.876 V when powered by a single commercial solar cell (1.0 W). The hydrogen is yielded at a decent rate of 6.0 mol h–1 gcat–1 from seawater under AM 1.5 G simulated solar illumination with a power density of 100 mW cm–2. Using hydrazine sewage as the anolyte may in turn further reduce the hydrogen cost along with applying costless seawater as the catholyte feed. On this basis, cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production might be scaled up by feeding costless seawater and industrial hydrazine sewage into renewables-powered HSE in the coastal region with intense solar irradiation and strong wind pattern.
图3 可再生能源运行的海水电解制氢-含肼工业废水处理联用工艺（上）
肼燃料电板或太阳能电板运行的自供能海水电解制氢-肼降解双功能反馈池（下）
商议东说念主员觉得可通过羼杂海水剖判战术完了节能且无氯的海水电解，完了高效制氢。这种化学反馈销耗阴极上的海水，通过析氢反馈（HER）产生氢气；而开释的OH-到阳极侧的交叉将肼降解为无害的氮气和盐度缩短的水。除了起始进的海水电解以外，它还不错在超低电板电压和大电流密度下出产氢气，而不会产生氯危害并适度产氢收尾。
The researchers propose to realize energy-saving yet chlorine-free seawater electrolysis for efficient hydrogen production by a hybrid seawater splitting strategy. This chemistry consumes the seawater on the cathode to generate H2 by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER); while the crossover of released OH– to the anode side supply the hydrazine degradation to harmless N2 and water with reduced salinity. Beyond the state-of-the-art seawater electrolysis, it enables hydrogen production at ultralow cell voltages but large current densities without chlorine hazards and limiting hydrogen-yielding efficiency.
艳母快播
海水中存在的巨额氯离子会变成阳极材料的严重腐蚀，进而导致电极损坏、电压过高。而奈何减速氯离子对阳极材料的腐蚀是海水电解制氢经过中需要惩处的重心问题。
The large amount of chloride ions present in seawater can cause severe corrosion of anode materials, which in turn leads to electrode damage and high voltage. How to slow down the corrosion of anode materials by chloride ions is a key issue to be solved in the process of hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis.
总之，该职责对灵验欺诈海洋资源以完了碳中庸氢能经济的发展提供了相配灵验的战术。
In conclusion, this work provides a fantastic strategy for the effective utilization of marine resources for the development of a carbon-neutral hydrogen energy economy.
参考文件：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24529-3
简述翻译者：海南大学商议生王芳园
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